63 Selenium Interview Questions and Answers PDF 2025

Selenium automation engineers specialize in creating automated test scripts that validate web application functionality across different browsers, operating systems, and devices using the powerful Selenium WebDriver framework.

As software development teams embrace agile methodologies and continuous delivery practices, the demand for skilled Selenium automation testers continues to grow exponentially across all industries.

Both entry-level Selenium Freshers and experienced automation engineers must demonstrate solid Selenium knowledge and practical scripting abilities to thrive in today’s fast-paced testing environment.

This Selenium interview questions guide provides targeted questions and detailed answers designed for automation testers at every career stage. We cover fundamental concepts and basic operations for freshers entering the automation testing field, and advanced framework design and optimization strategies for experienced professionals.

The guide includes dedicated sections with specialized questions for Java and Python Selenium implementations, covering the two most popular programming languages used with Selenium automation.

Selenium Interview Questions and Answers for Freshers

Que 1. What are the different types of Selenium components?

Answer:
Selenium has four components:

1. Selenium IDE – Record and playback tool
2. Selenium RC (deprecated) – Earlier remote control tool
3. Selenium WebDriver – Advanced automation tool supporting multiple browsers
4. Selenium Grid – Used for parallel and distributed testing

Que 2. What is the difference between Selenium WebDriver and Selenium Grid?

Answer:

• WebDriver is used for automating browser actions on a single machine.
• Grid allows running tests in parallel across multiple machines and browsers.

Que 3. What browsers are supported by Selenium WebDriver?

Answer:
Selenium supports Chrome, Firefox, Edge, Safari, and Internet Explorer. It also supports headless browsers like Chrome Headless and HTMLUnit.

Que 4. How do you launch a browser using Selenium WebDriver in Java?

Answer:

WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.get("https://example.com");

The get() method loads the specified URL in the browser.

Que 5. What are locators in Selenium, and name a few?

Answer:
Locators help in identifying elements on a web page. Types include:

• id, name
• className, tagName
• linkText, partialLinkText
• xpath, cssSelector

Que 6. What is the difference between findElement() and findElements()?

Answer:

Method	Description	Return Type
findElement()	Returns the first matching element	WebElement
findElements()	Returns a list of all matching elements	List

Que 7. How do you handle dropdowns in Selenium WebDriver?

Answer:
Use the select class:

Select select = new Select(driver.findElement(By.id("dropdown")));
select.selectByVisibleText("Option 1");

Que 8. How do you handle alerts and popups in Selenium?

Answer:

Alert alert = driver.switchTo().alert();
alert.accept(); // click OK
alert.dismiss(); // click Cancel

Que 9. What are implicit and explicit waits in Selenium?

Answer:

• Implicit Wait: Waits for a specified time before throwing NoSuchElementException.
• Explicit Wait: Waits for a specific condition using WebDriverWait .

Que 10. How do you switch between multiple browser windows in Selenium?

Answer:

String parent = driver.getWindowHandle();
for (String handle : driver.getWindowHandles()) {
    driver.switchTo().window(handle);
}

Que 11. How do you handle frames or iframes in Selenium?

Answer:

driver.switchTo().frame("frameName");
driver.switchTo().defaultContent(); // Switch back

Que 12. What are the different types of waits in Selenium?

Answer:

1. Implicit Wait
2. Explicit Wait
3. Fluent Wait – Custom polling frequency and exception handling

Que 13. How do you capture a screenshot using Selenium WebDriver?

Answer:

TakesScreenshot ts = (TakesScreenshot) driver;
File file = ts.getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);

Que 14. What is the difference between driver.close() and driver.quit()?

Answer:

• Close(): Closes the current browser window
• quit(): Closes all browser windows and ends the session

Que 15. What are relative and absolute XPaths in Selenium?

Answer:

• Absolute XPath: Starts from the root node (/html/body/div[1])
• Relative XPath: Starts from any node using // and is more flexible

Que 16. How do you perform mouse hover actions in Selenium?

Answer:

Actions actions = new Actions(driver);
actions.moveToElement(element).perform();

Que 17. How do you handle dynamic elements in Selenium?

Answer:
Use dynamic XPath or CSS selectors with contains(), starts-with() , or regex patterns. Example:

driver.findElement(By.xpath("//div[contains(text(),'Dynamic')]"));

Que 18. How do you perform drag and drop in Selenium?

Answer:

Actions actions = new Actions(driver);
actions.dragAndDrop(source, target).perform();

Que 19. How do you run Selenium tests in headless mode?

Answer:

ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();
options.addArguments("--headless");
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(options);

Que 20. What is Page Object Model (POM) in Selenium?

Answer:
POM is a design pattern where each web page is represented as a class, and page elements are variables. It improves code readability and reusability in test automation frameworks.

Also Check: Java Selenium Interview Questions PDF

Selenium Interview Questions and Answers for Experienced

Que 21. How do you design a Selenium test automation framework from scratch?

Answer:
A robust framework includes:

• TestNG/JUnit for test management
• Page Object Model (POM) for code reusability
• WebDriverManager for driver setup
• Data-driven approach using Excel/JSON
• Logging & reporting using Log4j and ExtentReports
• CI/CD integration with Jenkins

Que 22. How do you manage synchronization issues in Selenium for dynamic web pages?

Answer:
Use explicit waits with conditions like elementToBeClickable() or visibilityOfElementLocated() . For advanced cases, FluentWait is used to define polling frequency and ignore exceptions.

Que 23. How do you handle Ajax calls in Selenium?

Answer:
Wait for elements to be present dynamically:

WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(10));
wait.until(ExpectedConditions.presenceOfElementLocated(By.id("result")));

Que 24. How do you implement data-driven testing in Selenium?

Answer:

• Use TestNG DataProvider or JUnit Parameterization
• Read data from Excel/CSV/JSON using Apache POI or Jackson

@DataProvider(name = "data")
public Object[][] getData() { ... }

Que 25. How do you manage browser compatibility in Selenium tests?

Answer:
Use WebDriverManager to automatically manage browser drivers. For cross-browser testing, configure desired capabilities and run tests in Selenium Grid or cloud services like BrowserStack.

Que 26. How do you manage cookies and sessions in Selenium?

Answer:

driver.manage().addCookie(new Cookie("name", "value"));
Set<Cookie> cookies = driver.manage().getCookies();
driver.manage().deleteAllCookies();

Que 27. How do you test applications in multiple browsers simultaneously?

Answer:
Use Selenium Grid or a cloud-based solution like Sauce Labs/BrowserStack with parallel execution configured in TestNG XML.

Que 28. How do you handle file uploads and downloads in Selenium?

Answer:

• Uploads: Use sendKeys(filePath)
• Downloads: Set browser preferences for download location in cromeoption or FirefoxProfile

Que 29. How do you handle SSL certificate errors in Selenium?

Answer:
Configure browser options:

ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();
options.setAcceptInsecureCerts(true);

Que 30. What is the difference between absolute and relative XPath in complex locators?

Answer:

• Absolute: Full path from root element /html/body/div
• Relative: Flexible and uses functions like //div[contains(text(),’value’)]
  Relative XPath is preferred for dynamic applications.

Que 31. How do you manage logs and reporting in Selenium framework?

Answer:

• Use Log4j/SLF4J for logging test events
• Generate reports using ExtentReports, Allure, or built-in TestNG HTML reports

Que 32. How do you implement Page Factory in Selenium?

Answer:

@FindBy(id = "username")
WebElement userName;
PageFactory.initElements(driver, this);

It initializes elements and reduces findElement() calls.

Que 33. How do you handle dynamic web elements with changing attributes?

Answer:
Use dynamic XPath or CSS selectors:

driver.findElement(By.xpath("//div[contains(@class,'dynamic_')]"));

Que 34. How do you run Selenium tests in parallel?

Answer:
Use TestNG’s parallel=”methods” in testng.xml or Selenium Grid with multiple nodes. Each test method will run in a separate thread.

Que 35. How do you integrate Selenium with CI/CD tools?

Answer:
Integrate with Jenkins, GitLab CI, or Azure DevOps:

• Trigger tests on code push
• Publish reports
• Parameterize environment variables (e.g., browser, test URL)

Que 36. How do you handle Shadow DOM elements in Selenium?

Answer:
Use JavaScript Executor:

WebElement shadowRoot = (WebElement) js.executeScript("return arguments[0].shadowRoot", hostElement);

Que 37. How do you handle Captchas in Selenium?

Answer:
Selenium cannot bypass Captchas directly. Options:

• Disable Captcha in test environments
• Use third-party APIs like 2Captcha
• Automate the rest of the flow after manual input

Que 38. How do you test APIs with Selenium?

Answer:
Selenium doesn’t support API testing directly. Combine with RestAssured or HTTPClient for API validation, and integrate UI tests where needed.

Que 39. How do you handle multi-tab scenarios in Selenium?

Answer:

ArrayList<String> tabs = new ArrayList<>(driver.getWindowHandles());
driver.switchTo().window(tabs.get(1));

Que 40. How do you optimize Selenium tests for faster execution?

Answer:

• Use parallel execution and Selenium Grid
• Avoid unnecessary Thread.sleep()
• Use WebDriverWait wisely
• Run tests in headless mode for CI/CD

Also Check: Selenium Interview Questions for Experienced PDF

Java Selenium Interview Questions and Answers

Que 41. How do you set up Selenium WebDriver in Java?

Answer:
You can set up Selenium WebDriver in Java by:

1. Adding the Selenium Java dependency in Maven (pom.xml)

<dependency>
  <groupId>org.seleniumhq.selenium</groupId>
  <artifactId>selenium-java</artifactId>
  <version>4.20.0</version>
</dependency>

2. Installing browser drivers (e.g., ChromeDriver) manually or using WebDriverManager.
3. Initializing the driver:

WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.get("https://example.com");

Que 42. How do you manage browser drivers automatically in Java Selenium?

Answer:
Use WebDriverManager:

import io.github.bonigarcia.wdm.WebDriverManager;
WebDriverManager.chromedriver().setup();
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();

This eliminates the need to download and set system properties manually.

Que 43. How do you handle waits in Java Selenium?

Answer:

• Implicit Wait: Applied globally

driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(Duration.ofSeconds(10));

• Explicit Wait: Applied for specific conditions

WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(10));
wait.until(ExpectedConditions.visibilityOfElementLocated(By.id("element")));

Que 44. How do you perform actions like double-click and right-click in Java Selenium?

Answer:
Use the Actions class:

Actions actions = new Actions(driver);
actions.doubleClick(element).perform();
actions.contextClick(element).perform();

Que 45. How do you handle multiple browser windows in Selenium?

Answer:

String parent = driver.getWindowHandle();
for (String handle : driver.getWindowHandles()) {
    if (!handle.equals(parent)) {
        driver.switchTo().window(handle);
    }
}

Que 46. How do you use Page Object Model (POM) in Java Selenium?

Answer:
Each page is represented by a class with WebElements and methods:

public class LoginPage {
   @FindBy(id="username") WebElement userName;
   @FindBy(id="password") WebElement password;

   public void login(String user, String pass) {
       userName.sendKeys(user);
       password.sendKeys(pass);
   }
}

Use PageFactory.initElements(driver, this); to initialize elements.

Que 47. How do you implement data-driven testing in Java Selenium?

Answer:

• Use TestNG DataProvider

@DataProvider(name = "loginData")
public Object[][] getData() {
    return new Object[][] {{"user1","pass1"}, {"user2","pass2"}};
}
@Test(dataProvider = "loginData")
public void loginTest(String user, String pass) { ... }

• Or use Apache POI to read from Excel.

Que 48. How do you take a screenshot in Java Selenium?

Answer:

TakesScreenshot ts = (TakesScreenshot) driver;
File src = ts.getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);
FileUtils.copyFile(src, new File("screenshot.png"));

Que 49. How do you handle dynamic elements in Java Selenium?

Answer:
Use dynamic locators with contains() or starts-with() in XPath:

driver.findElement(By.xpath("//div[contains(text(),'Dynamic Value')]"));

Que 50. How do you perform parallel execution in Java Selenium?

Answer:
Use TestNG:

<suite name="Parallel" parallel="tests" thread-count="3">
   <test name="Test1"> ... </test>
</suite>

It allows multiple tests to run concurrently in different browser instances.

Que 51. How do you integrate Java Selenium with CI/CD tools?

Answer:

• Use Maven for build automation
• Configure Jenkins to run mvm clean test
• Store test reports using ExtentReports or TestNG’s default HTML reports for visibility.

Que 52. How do you handle Shadow DOM and iframe elements in Java Selenium?

Answer:

• For iframes:

driver.switchTo().frame("frameName");

• For Shadow DOM:

WebElement shadowRoot = (WebElement) js.executeScript("return arguments[0].shadowRoot", hostElement);
WebElement inner = shadowRoot.findElement(By.cssSelector("selector"));

Also Check: Java OOPs Interview Questions and Answers

Python Selenium Interview Questions and Answers

Que 53. How do you set up Selenium WebDriver with Python?

Answer:
Install Selenium using pip install selenium and set up the browser driver (e.g., ChromeDriver). Example:

from selenium import webdriver
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://example.com")

Que 54. How do you handle waits in Python Selenium?

Answer:

• Implicit Wait:

driver.implicitly_wait(10)

• Explicit Wait:

from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
WebDriverWait(driver, 10).until(EC.visibility_of_element_located((By.ID, "element")))

Que 55. How do you handle multiple browser windows in Python Selenium?

Answer:

parent = driver.current_window_handle
for handle in driver.window_handles:
    if handle != parent:
        driver.switch_to.window(handle)

Que 56. How do you perform actions like mouse hover and double-click in Python Selenium?

Answer:
Use the ActionChains class:

from selenium.webdriver import ActionChains
actions = ActionChains(driver)
actions.move_to_element(element).double_click().perform()

Que 57. How do you handle dropdowns in Python Selenium?

Answer:
Use the Select class:

from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import Select
dropdown = Select(driver.find_element(By.ID, "dropdown"))
dropdown.select_by_visible_text("Option1")

Que 58. How do you capture a screenshot in Python Selenium?

Answer:

driver.save_screenshot("screenshot.png")

Que 59. How do you use Page Object Model (POM) in Python Selenium?

Answer:
Create a separate class for each page:

class LoginPage:
    def __init__(self, driver):
        self.driver = driver
    def login(self, user, pwd):
        self.driver.find_element(By.ID, "username").send_keys(user)
        self.driver.find_element(By.ID, "password").send_keys(pwd)

Que 60. How do you handle dynamic elements in Python Selenium?

Answer:
Use dynamic locators with XPath:

driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//div[contains(text(),'Dynamic Value')]")

Que 61. How do you perform parallel execution of Selenium tests in Python?

Answer:
Use pytest-xdist:

pip install pytest-xdist
pytest -n 3

This will run tests in parallel across 3 workers.

Que 62. How do you integrate Selenium with Python in CI/CD tools?

Answer:
Use Jenkins or GitHub Actions:

• Add tests as part of pipeline using pytest
• Generate reports using pytest-html
• Trigger tests automatically on code commits.

Que 63. How do you handle iframes and Shadow DOM elements in Python Selenium?

Answer:

• For iframes:

driver.switch_to.frame("frameName")

• For Shadow DOM:

shadow_root = driver.execute_script("return arguments[0].shadowRoot", host_element)
inner_element = shadow_root.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "selector")

Also Check: Python Interview Questions and Answers

Selenium Interview Questions PDF

We provide a PDF file that allows convenient offline preparation and flexible study sessions whenever needed.

FAQs: Selenium Interview Questions

Conclusion

This Selenium interview questions and answers guide is covering all experience levels and the most asked Java and Python implementations. With targeted questions for both freshers and experienced professionals, this article equips you with the knowledge needed to excel in today’s competitive automation testing market.